Why can the hydrgoen ions not freely pass throufh the membrane without ATP synthase

Vegetation that grows along the floors of tropical and temperate forests is called undergrowth. how is the undergrowth of a tropical rain forest most likely to differ from the undergrowth of a temperate forest? a. a tropical rain forest's undergrowth most likely experiences periods of dormancy during colder weather. b. a tropical rain forest's undergrowth most likely experiences periods of dormancy during rainy weather. c. the undergrowth of a tropical rain forest most likely requires less sunlight. d. the undergrowth of a tropical rain forest most likely requires more sunlight.

Could someone me with number one you

Aphids are tiny insects that feed on plants. ladybugs are to plants because they eat aphids. which type of organism are aphids in this scenario? co decomposers predators prey producers