Insulin is a protein hormone. how would insulin bind to its target cells?
through a receptor on the cell membrane that transduces its signal to the cell's dna
through a receptor on the cell's nucleus that transduces its signal to the cell's dna
by binding to a receptor in the cytoplasm that binds to the cell's dna
by binding to the cell's dna directly, after passing through the cell membrane
i think this is a based on a ton of research i just did, but still not totally sure.

The correct answer would be "Through a receptor on the cell membrane that transduces its signal to the cell's DNA".

Hormones produce their effects mainly by binding to their specific receptors. It leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex which results in certain biochemical changes on a target tissue.

These receptors can be of two types of membrane-bound and intracellular receptors.

The hormones which are protein or amine in nature are water soluble and thus can not pass through the lipid bilayer of a cell. They produce their effects mainly by binding to the membrane bound receptors. For example, insulin, growth hormone, Adrenaline, ADH, oxytocin, FSH, TSH et cetera.

Insulin binds to glycoprotein complex receptor present in the cell membrane.

In contrast, a lipid-soluble hormone such as steroidal hormone (estrogen) binds to the intra-cellular receptors as they can easily pass through the lipid bilayer.

volcanoes (an event in the geosphere) release a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere. these particles serve as nuclei for the formation of water droplets (hydrosphere). rainfall (hydrosphere) often increases following an eruption, stimulating plant growth (biosphere).

the framers of the constitution insisted that federal judges be nominated instead of elected due to their desire to have judges above the shifting whims of the masses.

the hope, whether achieved or not, was that federal judges would only be beholden to the law and that by not having judges be elected, they would be protected if that law dictated an outcome that ran counter to popular opinion.