For the following, specify whether the foreign direct investment is horizontal or vertical; in addition, describe whether that investment represents an fdi inflow or outflow from the countries that are mentioned.
volkswagen (a german multinational auto producer )opens some new dealerships in the united states. (note that comma at this time, volkswagen does not produce any cars in the united states. )

Bonds often pay a coupon twice a year. for the valuation of bonds that make semiannual payments, the number of periods doubles, whereas the amount of cash flow decreases by half. using the values of cash flows and number of periods, the valuation model is adjusted accordingly. assume that a $1,000,000 par value, semiannual coupon us treasury note with three years to maturity has a coupon rate of 3%. the yield to maturity (ytm) of the bond is 7.70%. using this information and ignoring the other costs involved, calculate the value of the treasury note: