In an administered vertical marketing system,
a. no individual participant has control over the others since a third-party administrator oversees the entire supply chain.
b. independent firms at different levels of the marketing channel join through contracts to obtain economies of scale and coordination to reduce conflict.
c. there is no common ownership, and the dominant member has significant power to impose its ideas and objectives.
d. independent firms join together formally to decide as a group how the marketing channel will operate.
e. participants—such as warehouses, transportation companies, and retail outlets—are typically owned by a parent company to ensure harmonious relations throughout the supply chain.

Skathy lee berggren, a professor of oral communication at cornell university, indicates “a lot of my students re­ally [only] scratch the surface with the type of research they’re doing.” according to andy guess, at inside higher ed, “just because students walk in the door as ‘digital natives’, doesn’t mean they’re equipped to handle the heavy lifting of digital databases and proprietary search engines that comprise the bulk of modern, online re­search techniques.” students erroneously think a google search is research. as you read through the reasons that should stimulate your interest in studying research methods or evaluate the nine factors that guarantee good research, what actions do you propose to narrow the gap between students’ research competence and what’s required of a modern college graduate about to become a manage