In expectancy theory, valence is
a. the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
b. the value that expected outcomes hold for the person contemplating them.
c. any consequence resulting from performance.
d. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
e. indirectly correlated with motivation.

(D)

Explanation:

The expectancy theory helps managers understand the behaviour and motivations of their employees.

Valence as a component of the expectancy theory is the value employees place on results or outcomes (O) based on their needs, goals, values, and sources of motivation.

For example, Employers often pay employees based on their performance so. Valence is the desirability of the result to the employees. Therefore employees believe or perceive that added effort will in fact lead them to attain their performance goals.

answer; a large down payment,a longer term loan, would result in a lower monthly payment;

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