The countries that have made the least use of securities markets are and ; in these two countries finance from financial intermediaries has been almost ten times greater than that from securities markets.

Germany and Japan

Explanation:

Financial intermediaries refer to the institutions which serve as a link between spenders and savers. Examples of financial intermediaries are banks, investment banks, pension funds, etc.

Securities markets refer to the markets which deal with the issuance of equity, debt and derivatives securities. Such issue of securities facilitates the raising of capital by businesses.

Direct finance usually takes place in capital markets dealing in securities with maturity period of more than an year, such as equity and bonds.

Indirect finance takes place through financial intermediaries such as banks, pension funds, etc. Such intermediaries remove the operation of middlemen between lenders and borrowers.

Germany and Japan have utilized their nation's bank credit based financial system.

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b is the correct answer