In some situations an officer of a corporation will be held criminally liable for the acts of an employee under the doctrine of ?

Vicarious liability. 

In vicarious criminal liability, an officer of a corporation may be held liable for the acts of an employee because, under this doctrine, the employee acted for the benefit of and in action under the officer. This authority and relationship allows a plaintiff to allege liability and wrongdoing to the officer, in addition to the culpable employee.  

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.