How do atoms achieve noble-gas electron configurations in single covalent bonds?

Noble gases are the only type of element that are chemically inert, that is, they do not normally undergo chemical reactions with other elements under normal circumstances, this is because they are chemically stable. Their stability is as a result of the eight valence electrons that they have in their outermost shells.

Other elements usually try to attain the stability found in noble gases by undergoing chemical reactions and by forming different types of bonds with other elements. One of the chemical bonds that are usually formed is covalent bond. In simple covalent bond, two elements usually donate one electron each, the two electrons donated are then shared equally by the two of them in order to ensure that each one has eight electrons in its outermost shell.

nacl or sodium chloride is an ionic compound. this is because an ionic compound pertains to a compound that consists of positively and negatively charged ions. in this case, na (sodium) has a tendency to lose one electron when it reacts with with other atoms, so the resulting sodium ion contains 11 protons and 10 electrons, thus making it positively charged (na+), when chlorine reacts, it usually gains one electron to form an ion called chloride, thus making it negatively charged ( since the ions are oppositely charged, they attract.

o conteúdo de calor de um sistema é igual à entalpia apenas para um sistema que é constante