Compare the rates of effusion for hydrogen and oxygen gases

Iknow #2 is d. i just need to know why

Astudent carefully transfers 30 g of water and 30 g of alcohol in a glass tube, forming two layers and filling the tube completely. after sealing the tube, the student mixes the solutions, and notices a bubble that forms in the tube. what is the mass of the contents in the glass tube after mixing?

Ageologist determines that a sample of a mineral can't be scratched by a steel nail but can be scratched by a masonry drill bit. based on this information, the sample mineral has to be softer than a. orthoclase. b. fluorite. c. apatite. d. corundum.