Consider the acid dissociation behavior of carbonic acid, H2CO3 . A p H gradient from 0 to 14 is given. Below a p H equal to p K a 1 which is 6.351, the predominant form is H 2 C O 3. Above a p H equal to p K a 2 which is 10.329, the predominant form is C O 3 2 minus. Between the two p K a values, the predominant form is H C O 3 minus. What is the predominant species present at pH 7.68 ? H2CO3 CO2−3 HCO−3 Calculate the ratio [CO2−3][HCO−3] at pH 9.80 .

a galvanic cell( aka voltaic cell) and electrolytic cell

explanation:

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in the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we frequently encounter the combination of properties u and pv.

it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.