In the malate aspartate shuttle, glutamate is converted to in the mitochondria while aspartate is converted to in the cytosol.

α-ketoglutarate; oxaloacetate

Explanation:

In the malate aspartate shuttle, glutamate is converted to α-ketoglutarate in the mitochondria by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase while aspartate is converted to oxaloacetate in the cytosol by the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase.

An important enzyme in the malate aspartate shuttle, is malate dehydrogenase. In the shuttle system, it is present in the mitochondria and in the cytosol and catalyzes the enzymatic reaction in opposite direction.

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.