Explica porque se requiere mucha más energía para retirar el primer electrón del argón que el del potasio.

La primera energía de ionización de los elementos de la tabla periódica aumenta a lo largo del período de izquierda a derecha y disminuye en el grupo, de arriba a abajo.

Dado que el argón está ubicado en el extremo derecho de la tabla periódica ubicado en el grupo de gases nobles (que tiene elementos con las energías de ionización más altas), el grupo 18 (8A) período 3 y el potasio se encuentra en el grupo más a la izquierda de la tabla periódica, grupo 1, (que tiene elementos con las energías de ionización más bajas) y en un período relativamente más bajo en el grupo, período 4, que el argón, la primera energía de ionización del argón. 1520 kj / mol. es mucho mayor que la primera energía de ionización del potasio, 418 kj / mol

Explanation:

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.