What kind of mathematical tools usually use

13. calculate the initial concentration (before precipitation) of carbonate ions after the addition of each 0.05 ml of solution b to the 1.00 l beaker of solution a. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3. assume the volume change as solution b is added is negligible. 14. notice the initial concentrations of zn2+ - and cu2+ in the table in model 3. a. explain how these were obtained from the data in model 2. b. as solution b is added and precipitates form, do these initial concentrations change? 15. use the data in model 2 to indicate the presence of precipitate (either znco3 or cuco3) after each 0.05 ml addition of solution b in model 3. 16. use the initial concentrations of carbonate ions and zinc ions to calculate the reaction quotient, qsp for the zinc carbonate scenarios in model 3. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3. 17. use the initial concentrations of carbonate ion and copper(ii) ions to calculate the qsp for the copper(ii) carbonate scenarios in model 3. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3.

Each of the following reactions is allowed to come to equilibrium and then the volume is changed as indicated. predict the effect (shift right, shift left, or no effect) of the indicated volume change. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.co(g) + h2o(g) < => co2(g) + h2(g) (volume is decreased) pcl3(g) + cl2(g) < => pcl5(g) (volume is increased) caco3(s)< => cao(s) + co2(g) (volume is increased)

Which of the following is an indication that a substance has undergone a chemical change? a. no new product has been formed. b. the color of the substance has not changed. c. the original constitute has not changed. d. the molecular structure has changed.