A vertebra is subjected to a shearing force of 540 N . Find the shear deformation, taking the vertebra to be a cylinder 3.00 cm high and 5.00 cm in diameter. The shear modulus for vertebrae is 8.0×1010 N/m2 .

An ammonia compressor has a 5% clearance volume and displacement rate of 80 l/s and pumps against a condensing temperature of 40°c. for two different temperatures of -10°c and 10°c, compute the mass flow rate of refrigerant assuming the clearance volumetric efficiency applies. discharge specific volume corresponding to-10°c and 10°c are 112.5 l/kg and 95 l/kg, respectively.