Which of the following is the first step in developing an effective refutation?

o tell the audience how the point will be refuted.

o state the point to be refuted, and explain why it is important.

o explain the significance of the refutation.

o cite sources and authorities the audience finds credible.

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explanation:

3 degree burn

the purpose of the heading in the passage is to identify who is telling the story.

this excerpt is part of the book sugar changed the world (2010) written by marc aronson and marina budhos. as the book has been written by two people, the heading "marc" indicates that this specific excerpt is being narrated by aronson. in the fragment, marc describes his grandfather's story after hearing it from his cousin. however, there are other excerpts where budhos is the one that tells the story of her family.

aronson and budhos, who are husband and wife in real life, decided to write sugar changed the world when they found out how sugar, which had an important role in slavery and economy, changed their ancestors' lives.

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