What does the title "the cold equations" refer? like what does it mean .

The cold equations refer or means in terms of the story is that it is trying to explain the situation in terms of the law where in they try to provide a strict implementation in having to provide balance and to be able to maintain it. And having to interfere with it with any means possible will lead to consequences that are will not produce any good.

first of paragraph? and second of statment?

don't submit such stupid questions!

1.c

2.a

3.d