During the civil war, african american military units were usually led by white officers. chose their own officers to lead them. formed in both the north and the south. included white confederate soldiers.

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful

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