Countries that pursued outward-oriented policies in the 20th century
a. experienced lower rates of economic growth than did countries that pursued inward-oriented policies.
b. experienced higher levels of political instability than did countries that pursued inward-oriented policies.
c. include singapore, south korea, and taiwan.
d. all of the above are correct.

c. include Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

Explanation:

Outward-oriented policies meant a strong export oriented economy. Usually this menat an initial phase of strenghtening the inner market, and as such a break of great estates with agrarian reforms, and the State support of great industrial corporations (such as Hyundai). All the renowned "Asian Tigers" dealt with this policy, whose weak point is the extreme dependency on international markets, a point proved in the 1993 crisis of the Asian Tigers.