How did the expansion of the Roman Republic affect small farmers?

Small farmers bought more land, allowing them to move into a higher social class.

Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates.

Small farmers lost income because their farms were not connected to cities by roads.

Small farmers became more profitable because they had fewer expenses than large estates.

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

the answer is definitley b!

i would say the executive branch is because the executive branch is in charge of enforcing the laws and judicial branch is in charge of enforcing but the executive branch is most responsible for it all so i would have to say the executive branch.