Party leaders are big fans of conventions because: n Sponsors must swear that they know the candidate personally and consider him qualified for the office he is seeking.
n The convention system gives them opportunity to take care of the other party business besides nominating candidates.
m Candidates can judge whether they are in line with the rest of the party
m The party can "fine-tune" its organization, finding where it is weak and working to correct the weakness.
n They can rally the party faithful with platforms for debate and decisions.

In 911, a group of vikings lead by rollo besieged paris and chartres. after a victory near chartres on 26 august, charles decided to negotiate with rollo. the talks were led by hervé, the archbishop of reims. this resulted in the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte, which granted rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river epte and the sea. it also granted him brittany, "for his livelihood". at the time, brittany was an independent land which france had not been able to conquer. in exchange, rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. also rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry gisela, the king's daughter. the territory given rollo is about the same as upper normandy.