What was the only european country conquered by an islamic empire?

The idea of liberalism in eighteenth-century british politics: a. had mainly a civic and social quality. b. prompted two eighteenth-century leaders, joseph mccarthy and hugh mccarran, to demand independence for ireland. c. brought great wealth and power to its main voice, john locke. d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being. e. had the same meaning as liberalism in twenty-first-century american politics.

Which action by the us war department angered chief red cloud to the point that he refused to sign the treaty of fort laramie ? a) the killing of buffalo by the united states troops b) the appointment of troops to the powder river basin c) the burning of parts of the powder river basin d) the murder of chief red cloud’s wife

Which best describes the impact of the crusades on european exploration?