When a magazine reports that there has been a depreciation of the dollar, what does this mean?
a. there has been a decrease in the value of what a dollar can buy of foreign products.
c. the value of the dollar has increased.
b. a portion of united states currency has been used up and will have to be retired from circulation.
d. the federal reserve will have to buy government securities in order to replenish the money supply.

The answer is letter a.  Depreciation happens when value of a currency decreases compared to other currencies.  Differences in productivity, economic forecast, productivity, money supply and demand for goods and services are factors to determining how a currency can depreciate 

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

pakastainians   indians and iran