Given 4/ (-2 - cos(theta))

what is the distance between the pole and the directrix?

  the distance from pole to directrix is 4 units

Step-by-step explanation:

Rewritten to the form ...

  r = ed/(1+e·cos(theta))

you find ..

  ed = 4/-2 = -2 . . . . . where d is the distance from the pole to the directrix

  e = -1/-2 = 1/2 . . . . . the eccentricity

so d = ed/e = -2/(1/2) = -4 and the ellipse has the equation ...

  r = (1/2)(-4)/(1 + 1/2·cos(theta))

The directrix is a vertical line 4 units from the focus in the -x direction.

explanation:

infrared radiation has wavelength in the range between 700 nm and 1 mm. lets' convert these values into scientific notation, keeping in mind that:

let's start from the lower value, we have:

(we moved the dot two places to the left, so we increased the exponent by 2 units, from -9 to -7)

the higher value is:

so, the range of wavelength of infrared radiation is: