Use the following scenario to the answer the next four questions. a research article reports the results of a new drug test. the drug is hypothesized to decrease vision loss in people with macular degeneration more effectively than the current treatment. the article reports a p-value of 0.04 in the analysis section.

indicate whether the following interpretations are valid or invalid interpretations of this p-value:
30. we conclude that the new drug is effective because results like they found, or results even more favorable to the new drug, would only happen 4% of the time if the drug was not effective.

valid
invalid
31. we conclude that the new drug is effective because there is only a 4% chance that it’s not.

valid
invalid

32. we conclude that the new drug is not effective because the difference in the proportion of macular degeneration patients with vision loss between the two treatments is only 0.04.

valid
invalid

33. we conclude that the new drug is not effective because there is only a .04 probability that the drug is more effective than the current treatment.

valid
invalid