2 w (n+1) 3 n 3 c) 1 + 2 + ... +n 4. Use mathematical induction to prove that the statement is true for every positive integer n.

White shapes and black shapes are used in a game. some of the shapes are circles. while the rest are squares. the ratio of the number of white shapes to the number of black shapes is 5: 11. the ratio of the number of white cicrles to the number of white squares is 3: 7. the ratio of the number of black circles to the number of black squres is 3: 8. work out what fraction of all the shapes are circles.