The velocity of light in a medium is half its velocity in
air. if a ray of light emerges from such a medium into
air, the angle of incidence at which it will be totally internally
reflected is

temp rises, and expansion

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force tends to be low and long diustance masses are high

igneous rocks also form where plates converge. the subducting plate melts as it sinks into the crust of the earth, and the melt rises into the overriding plate forming volcanoes. metamorphic rocks are formed mainly in the lithosphere, wherever there is high pressure and high temperature. -woods