An early model of the atom, proposed by Rutherford after his discovery of the atomic nucleus, had a positive point charge, +Ze (the nucleus) at the center of a sphere of radius R with uniformly distributed negative charge -Ze. Z is the atomic number, the number of protons in the nucleus and the number electrons in the negative sphere.
a) Estimate the charged enclosed within a sphere with the nucleus at its center, and the radius of r, smaller than R.
b) Use Gauss' law to obtain the electric field inside this atom.
c) A uranium atom has Z = 92 and R = 0.10 nm. Estimate the electrostatic force that an electron would experience at r = R/2?

Acommon technique in analysis of scientific data is normalization. the purpose of normalizing data is to eliminate irrelevant constants that can obscure the salient features of the data. the goal of this experiment is to test the hypothesis that the flux of light decreases as the square of the distance from the source. in this case, the absolute value of the voltage measured by the photometer is irrelevant; only the relative value conveys useful information. suppose that in part 2.2.2 of the experiment, students obtain a signal value of 162 mv at a distance of 4 cm and a value of 86 mv at a distance of 5.7 cm. normalize the students' data to the value obtained at 4 cm. (divide the signal value by 162.) then calculate the theoretically expected (normalized) value at 5.7 cm.