How many times is an atom heavier than a single proton

What are similarities and differences of reflection, refraction, diffraction and absorption?

Consider a double atwood machine constructed as follows: a mass 4m is suspended from a string that passes over a massless pulley on frictionless bearings. the other end of this string supports a second similar pulley, over which passes a second string supporting a mass of 3m at one end and m at the other. using two suitable generalized coordinates, set up the lagrangian and use the lagrange equations to find the acceleration of the mass 4m when the system is released. explain why the top pulley rotates even though it carries equal weights on each side.

The gun from the crime scene shows tool marks where the serial numbers are ground off. there are also tool marks on the bullets left behind. what information can the tool marks on the bullets and gun provide about the crime? what type of evidence does this information provide, individual or class?