Why did earth most likely form into distinct, separate layers? (HELP ASAP PLZ)

Alinearly polarized electromagnetic wave has an average intensity of 196 w/m^2. this wave is directed towards two ideal polarizers (in real polarizers, transmission is also effected by reflection and absorption). polarizer a is oriented with its transmission axis at an angle of θ_1=20.8∘ with the incident electric field. polarizer b has its axis at an angle of θ_2=63.0∘ with the incident electric field. what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer a? what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer b? suppose that the two polarizers a and b are interchanged. what would the average intensity be after passing through both polarizers?

During the experiment if you could triple the breakaway magnetic force with all other quantities left unchanged, what is the new value for the critical velocity if it was v0 (initial velocity), initially? (b) now if you halved the radius with all other quantities left unchanged, what is the new critical velocity if it was v0 (initial velocity), initially? (c) if during the experiment, critical velocity quadrupled with all other quantities left unchanged, what is the new breakaway force if its magnitude was initially f0,?

Along wire carrying a 4.2 a current perpendicular to the xy-plane intersects the x-axis at x=−1.7cm. a second, parallel wire carrying a 3.0 a current intersects the x-axis at x=+1.7cm. part a at what point on the x-axis is the magnetic field zero if the two currents are in the same direction? express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.