After many media reports of aggressive behavior by parents and other adult spectators in the stands at canadian youth hockey games, psychologists used a method called naturalistic observation to study spectator behavior. using the naturalistic observation method means that:

I believe the answer is: naturalistic observation

naturalistic observation refers to a research method that conducted by observing the subjects in their natural environment, without adding any controlled variables. If we use spectators of a game as subjects, their natural environment would be the stadium when a match is occurring.

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