The provision of public goods gives rise to

The provision of public goods gives rise to positive externalities.

Explanation: A positive externality is a benefit that a third party is able to receive due to an economic transaction they aren't necessarily involved directly in.  A public good is a good that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous so an individual is unable to be excluded from using it. The service does not need to be paid for to use it, such as air with breathe.

a is the answer because it just is