Bonds of trust and reciprocity between citizens that form the glue that holds modern societies together is called

 The correct answer is :  Social Capital

Explanation:  In sociology, social capital has been defined as a variable that measures social collaboration between the different groups of a community, taking into account four aspects: affection, mutual trust, effective norms and social networks. Social capital measures the sociability of a group of people.

well, there are a lot of places we get information about earth from. like science classes, websites, books, newspapers, etc.

no the answer is c only objects touching the earth's surface can be acted upon by an outside force