1. which structures would you expect to find at mesa verde? select all that apply. kiva longhouse mound pithouse pueblo kiln wigwam

2. which factor most likely motivated early americans to migrate across north and south america? (1 point) they heard rumors of great civilizations. they wanted to find land suitable for farming. they followed herds of animals that they hunted. they wanted to find a place safe from glaciers and ice caps.

3. which native american group is known for having built huge, earthen structures in the mississippi river region? (1 point) the mound builders the mayas the inuit the puebloans

4. how did the puebloan people differ from the inuit? (1 point) the puebloans relied on irrigation farming, while the inuit hunted and fished. the puebloans built mainly with wood, while the inuit used mostly snow and ice. the puebloans made clothing from animal skins, while the inuit grew plant fibers. the puebloans traveled waterways in canoes, while the inuit went over land in sleds. comparing maya and aztec text a the maya were skilled engineers and scholars. they invented their own writing and number system. they also charted the stars and made their own calendar. the aztecs had a writing and calendar system, but i think they were less accomplished than the maya because they came later. text b long before europeans came to the americans, the maya and the aztec built complex civilizations there. each was known for great temples and other buildings. these were often located at the center of large cities. many people lived in and around these cities. there, governments ruled, and people gathered to trade. use the texts to answer the questions.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.

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