Both quantitative and qualitative methods (the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem) are approaches that ideally attempt to establish a between social elements.

Causal relationship        

Explanation:

 The causal relationship is the process of measuring the correlation between two different types of variable or any event. The quantitative or the qualitative are the methods that helps in collecting the various types of data for establishing the causal relationship between the different types of social components.

 According to the given question, the causal relationship helps in creating the various types of relationship that cause some changes in the dependent variable.    

 Therefore, Causal relationship is the correct answer.

b) the bill goes to the president.

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answer; longitudinal;