The Shi’a Muslims did not accept the rule of the first three caliphs because the caliphs a) rejected the five pillars of faith..
b) didn’t receive revelations from the angel Gabriel.
c) were not related to Muhammad.

world war i had a devastating effect on german-americans and their cultural heritage. up until that point   german-americans, as a group, had been spared much of the discrimination, abuse, rejection, collective mistrust experienced by so many different racial and ethnic groups in the history of the united states. indeed, over the years, they had been viewed as a well integrated and esteemed part of american society. all of this change with the outbreak of war.  

answer; randomization;