The surface layer of the earth on which vegetation grow

Are people more motivated to change from positive or negative experiences, like slavery, womens rights, and any other historical movements/moments? i need more factual information than opinions.

Rational ignorance suggests that a. voters are ignorant on issues that are not of special interest to them b. voters do not pursue information about issues before voting c. low voter turnout is due to a lack of understanding of the platforms of each political party d. voters are uninterested in the electoral process

What was the name of the theory that said that if one country in a region fell to communism, others would surely follow? 1) domino theory 2) arms race 3) brinkmanship 4) containment theory