For each of the following scenarios, indicate if it would necessarily lead to crowding out or not, and explain your reasoning. Assume a closed economy. Assume that fiscal receipts equal outlays when the Federal Reserve increases the discount rate.

With regard to personality, it appears that: a) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and little consistency of traits over the life span.b) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span.c) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but little consistency of traits over the life span.d) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and significant consistency of traits over the life span.